However, the immunological mechanisms mediating the induction of long-term immunity remain obscure. 2 The outcome of the immune response activated through these receptors is that protection or immunity (which may last for many years or a lifetime) is generated against the infecting pathogen 3, 4 and this phenomenon is the basis of vaccination. 1 In contrast, the adaptive immune response is characterized by clonally expressed B-cell receptor (BCR) or T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition of molecules, which define the antigenicity of these molecules. Innate receptors known as pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) allow the recognition of microbial products known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). The onset of the immune response against a given pathogen depends on the recognition of microbial components by non-clonal (innate) and clonal (adaptive) receptors expressed on the appropriate cells. These properties could be used in the development of new vaccine platforms. PapMV recognition as a Pamptigen might be translated into long-lasting antibody responses and protection observed. Antigen-presenting cells loaded with PapMV efficiently induced antibody responses in vivo, which may link the innate and adaptive responses observed. typhi, revealing the intrinsic adjuvant properties of PapMV in the induction of immunity. typhi) outer membrane protein C increased its protective capacity against challenge with S.
PapMV mixed with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S. PapMV also efficiently activated innate immune responses, as shown by the induction of lipid raft aggregation, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells and macrophages, and long-lasting adjuvant effects upon the specific antibody responses to model antigens.
A single immunization of PapMV without added adjuvant efficiently induced both cellular and specific long-lasting antibody responses. Here we show that the papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) is recognized by the immune system as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and as an antigen in mice (Pamptigen). Identifying the properties of a molecule involved in the efficient activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to long-lasting immunity is crucial for vaccine and adjuvant development.
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